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Graduate 101: Search Techniques

Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT

Boolean searching is based on a system developed by George Boole, a 19th century mathematician.  Most online databases and Internet search engines support Boolean searching.  The power of Boolean searching is based on connecting keywords with Boolean operators.  The three basic operators are AND, OR and NOT.  Here is how they work:

 

AND Boolean Venn DiagramAND

Type AND between your keywords to narrow your search.  The database or search engine will only retrieve those articles or web pages that contain both words.  Using AND will decrease the number or hits or articles or web pages in your result list.

Example: school AND crime

 

Note: Some databases and search engines (such as Google and Craigslist) allow you to type a plus sign (+) in front of a keyword when doing a basic search.  This works the same as AND.

Example: +school +crime

 

 

OR Boolean Venn DiagramOR

Type OR between your keywords to broaden your search.  The database or search engine will retrieve those articles or web pages that contain at least one of these words.  Using OR will increase the number of articles or web pages in your result list (especially if not used in combination with AND or NOT).  Use OR between keywords that are synonyms or have similar meanings.

Example: baby OR infant

 

 

 

NOT Boolean Venn DiagramNOT

Type NOT before a keyword to exclude that keyword from your search.  Using NOT will decrease the number of articles or web pages in your result list.  The best use of NOT is when you are searching for a keyword that may have multiple meanings.

Example: Saturn NOT car

 

 

 

Combination Boolean Venn DiagramCombining Boolean Operators

Use parentheses ( ) to keep combination searches in order.  In the example below, the database or search engine will retrieve articles or web pages that must contain the word law and at least one of the words in parentheses.

Example: (ecstasy OR mdma) AND law

 

 

 

 

Nesting

Nesting is a concept that works hand in hand with Boolean searching.  If you have two subject terms that mean the same thing, you may want to nest them in parenthesis in order to group like terms. 

Nesting Example

In this example, the nested terms, ADD and ADHD, are both often used in the debate about the use of Ritalin in children.  The database will first find everything about ADD or ADHD, then it will search for the other search terms within the entire body of literature on ADD and ADHD. 

Online Tutorials

The Joyner Library reference Department has put together a series of video tutorials that should assist you in the basics of searching for library resources.  Of particular interest is their Research Basics 101 tutorial series.  A list of all library tutorials can be found here.

Stuck?

Look for the database's help page.  It may be called "Help," "Tips," "FAQ," or even "Advanced Search."  They usually provide good examples of how to search.

You can always ask a librarian as well.

Truncation

Truncation, also known as stemming, uses a character at the end of a word, which allows you to search for a root form of a word and pick up any ending.

The most common is asterisk (*) or less commonly, the question mark (?).  If in doubt, check the "Help" screen for the truncation symbol.

In the examples that follow, the purple represents the original search, and the green represents possible results.

A good example of truncation:

Teen Animation

Be careful NOT to end the stem or root of a word too early to retrieve too many results.  A bad example of truncation:
Cat Animation

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Wildcard Symbols

Wildcard symbols can be typed in place of a letter or letters within a keyword if you are not sure of the spelling or if there are different forms of the root word.

Woman Animation

The Wildcard is usually an asterisk (*) or question mark (?).

When in doubt, check the Help File of the database or search engine.

 

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Exact Phrase Searching

To look for an exact phrase, use quotation marks (" ") around the keywords.

Example: 

Personality Disorder

Note: This works in most search engines as well.  If you type an exact phrase without quotations when doing a basic search, most search engines will look for each word separately.  In this example, quotation marks are not used, and the search results in every search term in green also being retrieved.

Personality Disorder Animation

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